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normal science
Normal science, identified and elaborated on by Thomas Samuel Kuhn in ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'',〔J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., ''The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism'' (1995) p. 110〕 is the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and experimenting within a settled paradigm or explanatory framework.〔Childers, p. 84〕 Regarding science as puzzle-solving, 〔T. S. Kuhn, ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'' (1970) p. 35-42〕 Kuhn explained normal science as slowly accumulating detail in accord with established broad theory, without questioning or challenging the underlying assumptions of that theory.
==The route to normal science==
Kuhn stressed that historically the route to normal science could be a difficult one. Prior to the formation of a shared paradigm or research consensus, would-be scientists were reduced to the accumulation of random fact and unverified observations, in the manner recorded by Pliny the Elder or Francis Bacon,〔Kuhn, p. 10-22〕 while simultaneously beginning the foundations of their field from scratch through a plethora of competing theories.
Arguably at least the social sciences remain at such a pre-paradigmatic level today.〔A. Rosenberg, ''Philosophy of Science'' (2005) p. 149〕
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